Izitayela zemiklamo yamaSulumane, amaSulumane, amaMoorish, ama-Oriental noma ama-Arabhu angaphansi kwenkathi entsha. Ngaphansi kwethonya lomkhuba wokusakazeka okuqhubekayo kwamaphrojekthi we-landscape ngokutshala kwemvelo, imfashini yokuphikisana kwawo ngqo nayo isikhulile. Ukuhlobisa, ukunemba, ukuxhumana okucashile kanye nomqondo omangalisayo wokuvumelana kwengadi yamaSulumane kunikeza enye indlela "entsha" engafani nemfashini elula kunendlela yaseFrance neyaseDashi esivele inesithukuthezi. Ihlaba ikhonkolo kuyo yonke into ukuthi ifune ukuqonda futhi isebenzise amathuluzi alula ukwakha imvelo eyinkimbinkimbi, isitayela sama-Arabhu sivulela imigilingwane emisha ekwakhiweni kwengadi enemibala ngokubukeka okuhle endaweni emincane.
Indlela yamaSulumane engadi iwukuqina kwemigqa nokunethezeka kwezitshalo.
Ifilosofi ethile yezingadi zamaMoorish namaSulumane
Isitayela samaSulumane (owaziwa nangokuthi i-Arabhu, i-Oriental kanye ne-Moorish) siyindlela yokwakheka komhlaba, ebalwa phakathi kwendabuko. Aluchazi nje kuphela ifilosofi nemikhuba yokuziphatha komklamo wezingadi, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo sazo, amathuluzi nezitshalo ezisetshenzisiwe. Lesi ukuphela kwendlela yokwakhiwa kwengadi enamathela kakhulu ezimpandeni zayo futhi ixhumeke ngokungalingani emisebenzini yomlando.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izitayela zanamuhla nethonya lemfashini engadini kubonakaliswa ezingadini zase-Arabia, ziqondiswa izimiso nemithetho engashintshashintshi ekwakhiweni kwazo, kudlalwa ngazo okuvunyelwe kuphela ngemininingwane. Mhlawumbe yingakho ingadi yamaSulumane ibonakala kalula, ngoba wonke amaphrojekthi enza ngaphezu kwamazinga afanayo namakononi.
Namuhla, ukuqondiswa okunamandla kakhulu kokuthuthukiswa kwesitayela samaSulumane kuhlala kunamaMoorish - ISouth European, ukudonswa okuphefumulelwe okuvela ezingadini zaseSpain futhi kuthuthukiswa njengezimpawu zezimo ezahlukahlukene ekubunjweni kwendawo, okwazalwa emngceleni wesiko laseYurophu nase-Arab.
Ubukhazikhazi baseMpumalanga, obuhambisana nesimo sezulu esihlukile, buvula amathuba okuhlobisa insimu yamaMoorish ezifundeni ezikude nezindawo ezishisa kakhulu nezishisayo. Amathrendi omhlaba wamaSulumane namaMoorish ekwakhekeni kwawo asungula izisekelo zawo kuze kube ngekhulu le-15. Namuhla bacishe bahlukane kusuka komunye nomunye futhi babhekwe cishe njengamagama afanayo.
Imibono yefilosofi yezingadi zamaMuslim ayihlukaniseki emcabangweni wenkolo wezwe. I-Moorish Garden ngumklamo lapho baphinda bavuselela yonke imodeli yendalo yonke, kusukela kumasiko achuma namasiko aseMpumalanga acebile. Noma iyiphi ingadi ngesitayela samaSulumane iwuphawu lweNgadi yase-Edeni, enemithetho emisiwe yomlando yokuqamba nezinto eziphoqelekile.
Izingadi ezinjalo zabaningi ziyisibonakaliso sokunethezeka cishe okucwazimulayo, okugcwele imibala egqamile namaphethini amaningi nemihlobiso. Izici eziyinhloko zengadi yamaMuslim zibizwa kufanele ngokuthi:
- imibala egqamile kanye nenhlanganisela enemibala egqamile;
- ukubheja emhlobisweni wobucwebe nokuhlobisa;
- izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene;
- ubuningi bezinto eziluhlaza okotshani;
- isakhiwo esiqinile;
- indima ebalulekile yezidumbu zamanzi;
- ukwahlukaniswa nomhlaba wangaphandle;
- ukubusa ngokubusa;
- ukuntuleka kotshani;
- ukubheja ezitshalweni eziqhakaza izimbali nezithelo;
- indima ebalulekile yamakha nemisindo.
Engadini yamaMoorish, ifomu eliqinile futhi eliqondile liyathambisa futhi linxephezelwe izitshalo nemininingwane. Ukusuka ku-Symbiosis ye-geometry eyisisekelo nokuma komhlaba okungavinjelwe, kuzalwa umuzwa omangalisayo wokunethezeka nobuningi, ongeke usithole kunoma yisiphi isitayela sokudalwa komhlaba.
Izingadi ezinjalo azibonakali ziyisidina: ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esilula, ukuzithoba okukhethekile phakathi kwezinto ezithile kubusa kuzo. Imininingwane emincane ixhumeke ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi oludala isimo esikhethekile nomoya.
Isikhala, ukunwetshwa kwemingcele, umdlalo onombono wokubona kanye nokulingana kwesisindo nevolumu - konke lokhu akuyona eyadini yamaMoorish. Uthembela kusikhuthazo esiningi, uthinta izinzwa ezihlukile ngasikhathi sinye, futhi udala umuzwa wokuqhaqha imilingo, obuhle obuvela empilweni yansuku zonke.
Izikwele, amanzi, izindonga eziphakeme noma uthango ziwuphawu lwezingadi zamaMoorish noma zamaSulumane.
Izingadi ZamaSulumane - Izingadi Ezincane
Izingadi zamaMoorite zingadi zendawo enomkhawulo. Imvamisa lesi sitayela sikhethwa ukwakheka kwalezo zingosi lapho kungenakwenzeka nje ukuthi kuphule ingadi yesitayela esehlukile. Njengezibonelo ezingokomlando zensimu yamaSulumane, isitayela sesimanje sama-Arabhu sibonisa ukudala i-oasis endaweni encane, kepha ngokunikeza umoya ophelele wokuphumula ekhoneni elifanele.
Ungasebenzisa lesi sitayela hhayi ezivandeni ezincane kuphela. Izingxenye ezinkulu zihlukaniswe ngamakamelo noma izifunda ezinobukhulu besikwele, zakha izikhala ezihlukanayo komunye nomunye, kuzo ngazinye lapho bafuna okuthile okusha. Ungahlela ingadi yamaMoorish futhi njengenye yezindawo zasensimini enkulu, ehlotshiswe ngezinye izitayela.
Ingadi, ehlotshiswe ngesitayela samaMoorish, noma ngabe iningizimu yeSpain noma i-Middle East igqugquzela ukudalwa kwayo, ihlala izungezwe izindonga eziphakeme. Izingcingo zakudala noma uthango oluhlaza okotshani obandayo, amakhethini aphezulu enziwe ngemivini - kukhona ukukhetha. Into esemqoka ukuthi ube nomuzwa ophelele wokuba uvaliwe kusuka ngaphandle komhlaba. Noma ngabe sikhuluma ngokwakhiwa kwendawo ehlukile, isisahlukaniswe yinsimu udonga olude.
Ukuhlelwa kwengadi yamaSulumane kuqala njalo ngezindlela nangokubiza indawo.
Isakhiwo nezinto eziyisisekelo zensimu yamaSulumane
Zonke izingadi zamaMuslim zakhiwa ezigcawini. Noma insimu enkulu enesakhiwo esingunxande noma engakhethiyo yaklanywa ngalesi sitayela, isayithi lihlukaniswe izigcawu ezihlukene zesikwele, enye emva kwenye, noma ingadi yamaMoorish eyiqiniso yakhiwa kuphela kwisikwele esiseduze kwendlu, futhi yonke insimu idlalwa kusetshenziswa ezinye izitayela.
Ukuhlelwa kwengadi yamaSulumane kuqala njalo ngezindlela nangokubiza indawo. Ngiyabonga ngabo, basebenzise umgomo wezingadi ezine, noma i-chor-bagh, okufanekiselwa ekwakhiweni kwengadi yemifula emine engcwele egeleza usuka eNsimini yase-Edene futhi uyihlukanise izingxenye ezilinganayo.
Empambanweni yamathrekhi kukhona isikhungo semantic ne-geographical yensimu yamaMoorish, ukwakheka kwayo okuhlala kunakwa kakhulu kuyo. Ingxenye yesikwele yensimu inquma isakhiwo sayo sejometri esiqinile, esingashintshi nasencazelweni yokuqala yesimanje yesitayela sasemuva.
Isikwele ngasinye esihlukile engadini yamaSulumane, uma usayizi sivuma, ungahlukaniswa izigcawu ezine. Futhi, kungafakwa into ephakathi nendawo yamanzi noma into yokwakheka okuncane ku “yunithi” ngayinye, idlale ngokungapheli ngezigcawu nokuhlukahluka kwawo. Imithambo noma izindlela zingabekwa ngokokuphambanisa, uma usayizi wensimu ukuvumela ukuthi udlale ngokulingana ngezimpawu eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Izindlela esivandeni samaSulumane zihlala zigcwalisa ngento enhle yokwakha. I-arch, umhubhe oluhlaza okotshani, isango lokuhlobisa noma iminyango yamanga namasango kufanele kuphawule ukuphela kwendlela ngayinye futhi kwakha iphuzu elibonakalayo "lokulungiswa" kobude bayo, qedela umbono.
Ingxenye emaphakathi yensimu nesikwele ngasinye ngasinye iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu yomhlobiso. Esikhungweni sendawo yesigcawu sesigcawu, kutholakala umzimba wamanzi noma kudalwe indawo yokuzilibazisa, ezoba isikhungo seminyaka yonke salo msebenzi.
Inketho ethandwa kakhulu yokwakha engxenyeni ephakathi iyindawo eyandisiwe eyandisiwe, equkethe umthombo, ichibi noma ichibi lokuhlobisa elinomthombo. Ichibi lesikwele noma eliyindilinga lenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu walokhu. Kepha kunezinye izixazululo - kusukela kuvulandi noma kwi-gazebo enemigqa ekhanga izisusa zama-Arabhu ekubekweni kwerosari.
Imithombo namachibi emigqa eqinile kumele ube njalo ezingadini zamaSulumane.
Amanzi ngazo zonke izinhlobo zawo
Amanzi adlala indima ekhethekile kwisitayela samaMoorish. Umbono wensimu ebusisiwe noma oyipharadesi ugcizelelwa kwisitayela samaMoorish ngokuba khona okuphoqelekile kuphrojekthi yezidumbu zamanzi ezandisa umuzwa we-oasis. Ukukhulekelwa kwamanzi, okuqhamuka esikweni lama-Arabhu, kuholele ekutheni izidumbu zamanzi ziba yindawo yokuqala yokuqalisa kanye nento ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwanoma iyiphi ingadi ekulesi sitayela.
Uphawu lokuphila okuphakade kanye nokuhlanzwa kwethulwa futhi ngaphakathi enhliziyweni yengadi, kufakwe phakathi enkabeni yesikwele ngasinye, kubekwe eceleni kwezembe futhi kulethwe ngokusemandleni esabelomali.
Imisele, amachibi aqinile, amachibi, amanzi okugeza, amakhasari, imifudlana nezinye izinto zokugcina akavumeli nje kuphela ukugcizelela ubuchwepheshe bengadi, kodwa futhi nokugcwalisa ngencazelo entsha. Ezingadini zamaSulumane, amachibi ayacaba, ahlanganiswa noma ahlotshiswe ngemidwebo yezithombe, enomngcele oqinile ophoqelekile, enza imizimba yamanzi ibe yicaba, etholakala cishe ezingeni lezindlela noma egqumeni. Ithonsi lamanzi nokuzijabulisa kwamanzi, ukufaka imithombo noma ukudala ukunyakaza okungokwemvelo kwamajethi kugcwalisa ingadi ngomsindo.
Izitshalo zamanzi ezingadini zamaSulumane azisetshenziswa, njengoba kunjalo nangemithombo ngesimo sezibazi. Ukudlala okumsulwa kwamajezi kufanele lapha.
Izinto zokwakha kanye nemibala yensimu yamaMoorish
Izinto zokwakhiwa kwezingadi zamaMoorish nazo zinqunywa ngokuqinile. Ubumba, ingilazi, imabula, ukhonkolo odwetshwe kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokufakwa kwamakhethini nezimpawu zezimbali ezivandeni ezinjalo kufanele kube khona ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukubekwa okokuhlobisa kwezindlela nezindawo zokudlala, ama-mosaic ekuhlobisweni kwamachibi aqinile, ukuhlukahluka okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlanganiswa kwemvelo nezinto zokuxubha kufanele kubuye kabusha umuzwa owuzwa lapho ungena ezingadini nasemapaki emazweni ase-Arabhiya.
Othandelwe izingadi zamaMoorish kukhona ilanga, imibala ethokozisayo nokwenziwa okukhohlakele - indawo enolaka, ukumbozwa kwe-matte, noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isicwebezelisi esikhanyayo samathayela e-ceramic kanye nama-mosaics. Umbala omhlophe ugcwalisa izingadi ngomkhosi, kepha ungafakwa ngophuzi, nazo zonke izithunzi ze-beige ne-terracotta, kanye nopende bezitini. Isibhakabhaka esikhazimulayo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuphuzi okusagolide, isisekelo se-muted isisekelo - okuyisisekelo sokugcwalisa isisekelo esimhlophe.
Ekukhetheni kwamaphethini, izakhiwo ezincane, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuvinjelwa kwanoma yiziphi izithombe zezilwane nabantu.
Izihlahla zezithelo ezivandeni zamaMuslim zibusa kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezokuhlobisa.
Dala indawo yokuphumula engadini yamaSulumane
Izindawo zokuphumula engadini yesitayela samaMoorish kufanele zikhumbuze amathala ambozwe amaphrojekthi wendabuko, imidwebo, efihliwe hhayi nje kuphela emehlweni, kodwa futhi elangeni ehlobo eliphezulu. Ithala elisesimweni sepatio embozwe, indawo yokuphumula ngaphansi kophahla noma ophahleni oluhlaza, igumbi eliluhlaza okotshani noma amaphaseji anama-gazebos - imiklamo ikhethiwe ukuze ivumelane nemikhawulo yesitayela.
I-Pergolas namatende kungaba kokubili kwesizini nokumiswa. Ezindaweni zokuzijabulisa, bahlala basebenzise izindwangu ezikhanyayo namasofa athambile azobuye avuselele umkhathi wezingadi zasemuva.
Ubuningi bezindwangu, izinto ezakhiwe, izesekeli, ukotini, ukukhethwa kwefenisha enama-motifs ama-Arabhu, umdlalo ophethwe izibuko nezinto zesiko lendabuko kukuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise umkhathi bese usetha ithoni yensimu yonke. I-Tandoor namatafula anezinto zokuhlobisa, i-arba namakhandlela, ama-hookah nama-teapots amahle - endaweni yokuzilibazisa ngesitayela saseMoorish noma yiziphi izinto nanoma imuphi umhlobiso ofanele.
Isimo sengadi yamaMoorish singagcizelelwa futhi sithuthukiswe ngokukhanyisa okuhlobisa. Imvamisa, imithombo yokukhanyisa eyengeziwe iboshwe “emizimbeni yamanzi.
Ingadi yamaSulumane ingumbhikisho wemibala nezitshalo, ibhalwe ngobukhulu bejometri.
Izitshalo zesitayela samaMoorish
Kukhethwe izitshalo zensimu yamaMoorish ukuze kwakheke umuzwa wensimu yase-Edene. Imibala ekhanyayo, ukubusa kwezimbali kanye nemifino ehlanzekile yezihlahla namakati, izihlahlana nezihlahla zezithelo zigcwalisa lezi zingadi ngokuphila, imibala nokuvumelana.
Enye yamasayithi athandwa kakhulu engadini yamaSulumane ingadi yama-rose. Unobuhle nokunethezeka, unikeza ukukhokha inkosazana engadini, ekhetha izinhlobo ezinemibala ekhanyayo futhi enamakha kakhulu. Ungakwazi ukubopha imithombo kanye namachibi ngensimbi ye-rose, noma ungawaphula njengombhede wezimbali, ugcizelela ubuhle nokunethezeka kwezitshalo ezinezesekeli ezikhanyayo. Ama-Roses atshaliwe futhi ahlala yedwa, awasebenzise ngangokunokwenzeka.
Imibhede yokhaphethi kanye nemingcele yokuxuba, ama-arabesque acwebile nezitebele zikuvumela ukuthi ugcwalise izigcawu ngamaphethini futhi ulingise umphumela wamakhaphethi wasemuva usebenzisa izitshalo zonyaka nezonyaka.
Ekukhetheni kwezitshalo, kubalulekile ukucubungula imibandela eminingana ebalulekile:
- ukudalwa komjaho odlulayo ogelezayo, inhlanganisela yezitshalo ezinesikhathi esihlukile sokuqhakaza komphumela wepende ovela njalo;
- ukukhethwa kwemibala ekhanyayo nehlanzekile ngokuphelele, "ngokuphelele";
- kuqala ekukhetheni amasiko akudala.
Emasimini amaSulumane, ama-carnations, ama-poppies, ama-cornflowers, ama-chrysanthemums, ama-peonies, ama-irises, iminduze, i-daylilies, zonke izinhlobo zama-perennials ekhaphethi abukeka emuhle. Kwiphrojekthi enjalo, ungangena kunoma yiliphi inani lama-accents aqhakaza i-bulbous - ukusuka kuma-tulips kuya kuma-crocuses namanye ama-primroses. Amakhambi anesiqholo nezitshalo ezinamakha zawo wonke amasayizi nobukhulu angaphezulu kokufanelekile, njengoba kunjalo nangehlobo elikhanyayo - kusuka kugwayi elimnandi kuya ku-ageratum, i-gypsophila, i-laver, i-lobelia, i-petunia, evumela ukudlala ngezindwangu kungabi kubi kangako ngopende.
Ngokwamasiko omlando, imibhede yezimbali engadini yamaSulumane iyalingiswa, okuvumela izitshalo ukuba zikhule ngokukhululeka. Kepha namuhla, ukuntuleka kwezixazululo zokwakha noma imininingwane eminingi kuzinto ezenziwe ngobuciko kanye nezidumbu zamanzi kwesinye isikhathi kunxephezelwa ngemingcele ephezulu yokugunda, kufaka phakathi izifenqo zomhlobiso ozimele oluhlaza emigqeni.
Izihlahla ezithweswe umqhele neze. Lesi yisivande sokuthuthukisa izitshalo zamahhala. Izinhlobo zokuhlobisa okumsulwa zithandwa kakhulu kunezihlahla zezithelo. Ukujabulela ukuvunwa kwezithelo zakho ngqo kusuka emagatsheni kuyinto yokunethezeka eshintsha umkhathi ngokushesha. Izihlahla ze-Apple, ama-cherries, ama-cherries, ama-apricots, amaplamu - ungakhetha izitshalo zezithelo ukunambitheka kwakho.
Izihlahla ezihle kahle eziqhakaza kahle zikhethwe phakathi kwama-classics aqhakaze kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwama-roses, i-chubushniki ne-hydrangea, i-spirea, i-quince, i-dogrose ifanelekile. Izimbali zomvini eziqhakaza izimbali noma eziqhamukayo, kusuka kuma-roses kuya ku-clematis, i-actinidia kanye namagilebhisi kuma-lancet arches, obelisks nasezindongeni, nawo ahlala efanelekile kulesi sitayela.
Izitshalo ezishisayo nezishubisa umnkantsha, eziye zaba uphawu lwensimu yamaSulumane - amapomegranati, izihlahla zesundu, izithelo zezithelo zomdumo, amabhulashi kanye nezinye izitshalo eziningi - zingeniswa kulo mhlobiso ngesimo samashubhu, zibekwa kulezo zindawo ezingenawo ama-accents abonakalayo.
