Umanyolo we-Autumn

Isitshalo esikhulu siyasuswa. Imibhede ayinalutho. Kuyeza amakhaza. Umzuzu obalulekile uyeza - ukulungiselela inhlabathi isivuno esizayo. Kuyadingeka ukuyilungiselela ngenkathi efudumele esele, ukuze entwasahlobo isikhathi esihle sokuhlwanyelwa nokutshala singathathwanga umsebenzi ongafanele: ukuqoqwa kukadoti, ukugaya (uma kunesidingo), ukufaka umanyolo, njll. Umanyolo ungeniswa ngenkathi efudumele, ikakhulukazi i-organic, ukuze eminye yale manyolo , icutshungulwa yi-microflora yenhlabathi, ibitholakala ezitshalweni kusuka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Esikhathini sezulu esibandayo, ama-organic fertilizer empeleni awaguquki ukwakheka kwekhwalithi yawo.

Umanyolo we-Autumn enhlabathini.

Yini umanyolo ukufaka isicelo ekwindla?

Umanyolo wamaminerali

Izitshalo zithola umsoco enhlabathini ngendlela efinyeleleka, kodwa ibonakala ngokuhamba okuphansi (okungukuthi, azihambi ngalapho kunezimpande kanye nemvula yasekwindla). Lokhu kufaka amaminerali we-phosphorus ne-potassium kusuka kumaminerali, kanye namafomu e-ammonium aqhamuka enitrogen. Umanyolo wamaminerali ukhulisa ukuzala okusebenzayo kwenhlabathi, kepha wehlise okwemvelo futhi ubambe iqhaza ekwandeni kwe-acidity, okuyinto iningi lezitshalo zasengadini ezingenakubekezelela.

Ukugcwalisa inhlabathi ngamanyolo adingekayo, kungcono ukusebenzisa umanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi, lapho izakhi zisesilinganisweni esidingekayo sezitshalo. Lokhu ikakhulukazi ngamafutha we-phosphorus-potash, amanye awo achuma ngezinto zokulandela umkhondo. Ziqukethe i-nitrogen ngamanani amancane. Ukusuka ekwindla, kunconywa ukufaka i-azofoska, i-carboammophoska, iKemira-universal, iRost-1, i-Agrovitakva-AVA nabanye kumanyolo anjalo.

Isicelo se-Ash

Umanyolo wamaminerali wemvelo otholakala ngezinsimbi ezivuthayo nokunye ukungcola kwengadi, ukhula nezitshalo ezinamahlahla. I-Ash iqukethe uhlu olukhulu lwezinto zokulandela umkhondo. Ngemuva kokumba, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-3-4, ama-1-2 kg / sq. m. Kunconyelwa ikakhulukazi ukuthi kusuka ekwindla zivundise ngemibhede yomlotha weklabishi, amazambane nezinye izitshalo ezidinga inhlabathi engathathi hlangothi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwamanyolo athile amaminerali kukhulisa inhlabathi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube nokuqukethwe okuphansi komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ekwindla, ngaphezu komanyolo wamaminerali, kwenziwa umquba we-organic ngesimo somquba omusha futhi ovuthiwe, umquba womquba ovuthiwe kanye nomanyolo oluhlaza (umquba oluhlaza).

Isicelo Sokufaka Umanyolo

Humus

Ukusuka ekwindla, i-humus, imfucumfucu yenkukhu nomquba zivame ukungezwa kumanyolo we-organic. Emhlabathini ompofu, umquba omusha ulethwa ufike kuma-300-500 kg ngamamitha skwele ayikhulu. NgoSepthemba-Okthoba, bahlakazeka bezungeza indawo ebekiwe futhi bagxunyekwe enhlabathini. Imvamisa, isiza sishiyelwa unyaka ngaphansi komusi ohlanzekile, ukuvuna ukhula ngokuhlelekile futhi lapho kushisa, kunesimo sezulu esomile, sinisela ngamanani aphakathi. Lezi zinyathelo ziyadingeka ukwenza ngcono izimo zokucubungula umquba omusha ube yifomu elamukelekayo lezitshalo - humus.

Inkukhu Yomquba

Umanyolo Ohlanganisiwe Ukungena ngqo ngaphansi kwempande, umanyolo ubangela ukushiswa ohlelweni lwezimpande zezitshalo. Okokugqoka okuphezulu, imidwebo yezinyoni iyazalwa futhi isetshenziswe njengesixazululo soketshezi sokugqoka okuphezulu. Ngefomu eliqinile, wona, njengomquba, usetshenziselwa ukugaya ekwindla, kanye njalo eminyakeni engama-2-3. Izinga lesicelo lisukela ku-200-250 kg / amahektha.

Umquba

Umquba ngumanyolo we-organic otholakala kumbi wezitshalo nezilwane ngokufakwa kwenhlabathi kanye (uma kukhona) Peat. Iyadingeka ikakhulukazi emazweni ancishisiwe, njengoba ikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwe-microflora yenhlabathi enenzuzo, esebenza ngezinto eziphilayo ibe yi-humus. Emhlabathini onothile onomanyolo, umquba usetshenziswa kuphela ekugqokeni okuphezulu, nasekwenzeni ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi okuphelelwayo nokwindla. Imvamisa, kusuka kuma-3 kuye ku-5 kg ​​nge-skwele ngalinye kusetshenziselwa ukumba. m. indawo ngaphansi kwazo zonke izilimo zasengadini.

Umanyolo oluhlaza, noma umquba oluhlaza

Umanyolo oluhlaza, noma ama-siderates, nawo angamanyolo we-organic. I-siderata yasebusika ihlwanyelwa ngemuva kokuvuna isivuno esikhulu ekwindla sokumba noma ukushiya kuze kulungiswe umhlabathi wentwasahlobo. Zisetshenziswa enhlabathini esindayo, ehlanganisiwe ngenhloso yokukhulula (odlwenguliwe, oats, phacelia, lwesinaphi, odlwengulwayo nabanye). Omunye umquba oluhlaza awugcini nje ngokuvula inhlabathi, kepha futhi ukwengeza ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuzala kwenhlabathi (lwesinaphi ngemidumba, ingxube ye-vetch-axle, i-melilot, i-alfalfa, i-vetch, uphizi, ubhontshisi, njll.).

Ama-Siderates asebenza njengama-disinfectants omhlabathi amahle wesibazi, ukubola kwezimpande, i-wireworm, kanye nama-nematode. Ingxube yezamasiko e-rapeseed-mustard-radish-oat enezelwe nge-marigold ne-calendula ihlwanyelwa. Ungahlwanyela isithombo samafutha nge-mustard ngokufakwa kwe-nasturtium ne-calendula kanye nezinye izinhlanganisela zezilimo.

Amashumi ezinkulungwane zezidalwa eziphilayo zihlala emhlabathini, ezifaka izinto eziphilayo zibe yi-humus edingwa izitshalo, ziwanikeze ngezindlela ezingabizi zomsoco. Ebusika, ubuningi bento "ephilayo" yenhlabathi iyaqhuma, futhi uma kubanda kuvimba "umsebenzi" wawo, ngakho balungiselela inhlabathi entwasahlobo ngesikhathi sokushisa esishisayo.

Funda i-athikili enemininingwane: Yisiphi isiderata okufanele uyihlwanyele ekwindla?

Ukulungiselela kwenhlabathi okwenziwa ekwindla

Ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi ye-Autumn kunikeza i-oksijini enkulu nomswakama enhlabathini, izitshalo ezidinga intwasahlobo. Ngaphezu kombuso ongcono kakhulu wamanzi, imibhede efudumele, evulekile izofudumala ngokushesha elangeni entwasahlobo.

Noma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi engadini lungenziwa lula. Ngemuva nje kokuvunwa, gazinga i-humus, umquba, umquba, shiya ukhula ubambe konke ekwindla sekwephuzile, unezela umanyolo we-phosphorus-potassium. Ukuthi ukulungiselela okunjalo kuzokusiza kakhulu noma cha kungumbuzo odinga isixazululo esifanele. Ungakwazi ukweluleka okulandelayo:

Uma ingadi ihlukaniswe imibhede futhi kunemephu yokushintsha amasiko, khona-ke umbhede ngamunye wegadi kufanele ulungiswe ngokwehlukana. Akuvamile emakotishi inhlabathi yohlobo olufanayo futhi evundile ngokulinganayo. Imvamisa lokhu kuyindawo enodoti, futhi kusuka ekuxabeni, ngakho-ke wonke umbhede awudingi ukulungiswa ngokulinganayo ngomsebenzi wasentwasahlobo, ikakhulukazi ukuwumbela ngokujula nokuvela kokusungulwa.

Ungasifaka kanjani isicelo somanyolo?

Ukumba ngokumba ekwindla

Uma inhlabathi ingubumba, i-loamy, ihlanganiswe ngesikhathi sasebusika, lokhu kufanele kudedelwe ekwindla ngokungeza umquba, humus, kanye nokunye ukungcola okuphathelene (ukumba utshani, iziqongo, amacembe, sawdust, njll.) Ngokumba.

Lapho kukhona omanyolo we-organic, basakaze ngokulinganayo ngaphesheya kombhede bese ubabumba bajule ngamasentimitha ayi-15-20. Inhlabathi izoba yincane kakhulu, ihlanganiswe nezinto ezivulekile. Amagciwane, i-aerobic, iminyundu, kanye nezinye izilwane zomhlaba ezihlala ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi.

Kubalulekile! Awukwazi ukumba umgodi ongafika kuma-30 cm, amanye ama-aerobics, uma esesimweni esingesihle kuwo, azokufa. Ngesikhathi sokufika kwesilondolozi, ama-anaerobics azovuka ekujuleni futhi afe. Kusebenza ngokwengeziwe futhi kulungile ukusebenzisa ungqimba lomhlabathi olungaphezulu kuka-15 cm.

Benza ngokwesilinganiso (uma kungekho ezinye izincomo zesiko elithile) amabhakede ama-2-4 we-humus, amabhakede ama-2 kuye kwayi-3 nge-1 sq. M azokwanela. m isikwele. Kulokhu, esimweni sezulu esomile, ungakwazi ukuthambisa isiza ngaphambi kokumba. Futhi lapho ushiya ngaphansi kweqhwa, yenza umanyolo we-phosphorus-potassium, ngokwesilinganiso, 30- 40 g no-20-25 g, ngokulandelana, we-superphosphate ne-potassium sulfate, ngaphansi kokhilimu omnandi.

Ukumba umgodi omncane wesiderata.

Uma kungenawo umanyolo we-organic, ungathathelwa indawo amakhambi. Okusho ukuthi, ukhula oluqoqiwe lusikiwe / lunqunywe lube izingcezu ezincane bese luyingcwaba ingaphezulu. Ukuqala ukumba, umugqa wokuqala wakheka njenge-furrow kuze kube yi-20 cm ukujula. Ungqimba lokhula olungiselelwe, iziqongo ezishiywe kusuka esithelweni esivuniwe zibekwa phansi ku-cm cm angama-5 bese ziphonswa phezulu, zingaphenduki ngaphezulu, kepha ziguqula ungqimba lomhlabathi. Umsele owakhiwe ugcwaliswa futhi ngesigaba futhi umbozwe ngenhlabathi. Ngesikhathi sokumba, ungangeza umquba we-phosphorus-potassium ngesilinganiso esinconyelwe sesiko. Ngokwesilinganiso, kusukela ekwindla 40-60 g / sq. m ye-superphosphate ne-25-30 g kasawoti we-potassium noma i-potassium sulfate. Ngale ndlela yokulungiswa kwenhlabathi, inani lomhlabathi embhedeni lizokhuphuka amahlandla ama-2.

Umphumela omuhle unikezwa ama-siderates ekwindla. Zingahlwanyelwa bese zibiwa lapho isivuno esiseceleni sifinyelela ku-10 cm ukuphakama, noma kuphela ingxenye engenhla inqunywa ishiywe kuze kutshalwe imbewu yomquba oluhlaza noma ifakwe izidleke ezihlukile kumquba oluhlaza.

Isicelo sokuvula umanyolo

Ngokukhanya ngokwakhiwa, inhlabathi evulekile noma enesihlabathi, ukumba okuqhubekayo akudingekile. Ungimba izigaba ngazinye ngethanga lokuhlwanyela, utshani bukakolweni bese ukhetha ama-rhizomes. Ukukala inhlabathi bese usula okuvele kugcwele ngo-10-15 cm.

Uma lezi zinhlobo zenhlabathi zicebile ku-humus, khona-ke zengeza umanyolo we-organic eminyakeni eyi-1-2 ukuya kwengama-30, okungenani amabhakede angama-2 kwezilimo ezidinga kakhulu izinto eziphilayo ngesikhathi sokukhula.

Ngokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-humus, kuze kube ngamabhakede angama-5 we-humus ovuthiwe noma ovuthiwe, umquba wethulwa ekwindla futhi ufakwe enhlabathini ongaphezulu. Izinto eziphilayo zizosiza ukugcina umswakama ongaphezulu, unikeze umsoco kuma-microflora omhlabathi, futhi ulondoloze nenhlabathi.

Ukhula olungenambewu lunikeza izithombo eziningi zasekwindla. Emhlabathini ongatheni, kufanele abhujiswe izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngokugqekezwa okuhle, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nokuphuza okuqala ukuvusa amahlumela anobungane ngokushesha nangaphezulu. Ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, eningizimu, nasendaweni ephakathi neRussia, umanyolo wezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zingasakazeka ngaphambi kokulungiselela kokugcina, kufakwa umanyolo wamaminerali bese wembiwa.

Umbhede olungiselelwe ukutshala ekwindla.

Ukuqothula kwenhlabathi kwenhlabathi

Inhlabathi okuthi isikhathi eside ithole ukondliwa kwamaminerali kuphela, njengoba sekuphawuliwe, kuyachuma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuqinisekiswa kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi kuma-beets. Uma kungekho zitshalo noma zincane, yize kugcwaliseka yonke imisebenzi yezolimo edingekayo, khona-ke ukukhawulwa kwemikhawulo kuyadingeka.

Ukulinganisa, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-dolomite noma ufulawa we-lime. Isebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu kumanzi we-magnesium anciphile, enesihlabathi nesihlabathi esinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-humus. Uma kungekho ufulawa we-dolomite, umcako ungasetjenziselwa ukukhawula. Inhlabathi zivame ukukhishwa ulamula ngemuva kweminyaka engama-3-5. Umanyolo weLime usetshenziswa ngo-Agasti-Okthoba. Ukuhambisana nomthamo onconyiwe kuyimpoqo.

Emasimini aphakathi namakhulu asindayo

• nge-pH = 4,5 nge-1 sq. m nika u-500-600 g kafulawa we-dolomite,
• kunhlabathi ephakathi ne-acid ene-pH = 4.5-5.2, isilinganiso sesicelo sehla saya ku-450-500 g / sq. m
• kulabo abane-acidic kancane nge-pH = 5.2-5.6, isilinganiso sesicelo singama-350-450 g / sq. m

On sandy futhi ukukhanya loam

• ku-pH = 4.5-4.6, isilinganiso sesicelo ngokulandelana yi-400-350 g / sq. m
• ngokunyuka kwe-pH = 4.8-5.0, inani lomanyolo liyi-300-250 g / sq. m
• at pH = 5.2, liming ayenziwa.