Yini into ebaluleke kunazo zonke kumuntu okhetha amakhowe oya ehlathini “ukuzingela buthule”? Cha, hhayi ubhasikidi nhlobo (yize kuzodingeka futhi), kepha ulwazi, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuthi imaphi amakhowe anobuthi futhi yiluphi ongafakwa kubhasikidi ngokuphepha. Ngaphandle kwabo, ukuphuma kwethi ukuphathwa kwehlathi kungaphenduka kahle kube uhambo oluphuthumayo oluya esibhedlela, futhi ngisho nangaphezu kwalokho - kuzoshintsha kube uhambo lokugcina empilweni. Ukugwema imiphumela ebuhlungu, sikunikeza imininingwane emfushane mayelana nama-mushroom ayingozi, angenakunqunywa kunoma yikuphi. Bheka izithombe futhi ukhumbule kuze kube phakade ukuthi zibukeka kanjani. Ngakho-ke lapha siya.
I-mushroom eyingozi kakhulu i-grebe ephaphathekile
Phakathi kwamakhowe anobuthi, indawo yokuqala enobuthi kanye nokuvama kobuthi obuyingozi kuhlala kuyo imifino eluhlaza. Ubuthi bayo bumelana nokwelashwa okushisa, futhi bunezimpawu zokubambezeleka. Ngemuva kokunambitha amakhowe, ngosuku lokuqala ungazizwa ungumuntu ophile ngokuphelele, kepha lo mphumela uyadukisa. Njengoba kuthatha isikhathi esiyigugu ukusindisa izimpilo, ubuthi sebevele benza umsebenzi wabo ongcolile, becekela phansi isibindi nezinso. Kusukela ngosuku lwesibili, izimpawu zobuthi zibonakaliswa yikhanda nobuhlungu bemisipha, ukugabha, kepha isikhathi siyalahleka, futhi ezimweni eziningi kwenzeka umphumela obulalayo.
Ngisho nokuthinta amakhowe adliwayo obhasikidi okomzuzwana nje, ubuthi besoadstool buxakwe ngaso leso sikhathi ezigqokweni nasemilenzeni yabo bese buguqula izipho zemvelo ezingenacala zibe isikhali esibulalayo.
I-Toadstool ikhula emahlathini anqenqemayo nokubukeka kwayo (isencane) ifana namakhowe noma i-greenfinch, kuya ngombala wesigqoko. Isigqoko singaba isicaba ngenhlamvu encane noma ngesimo seqanda, sinemiphetho ebushelelezi nemicu yokufakelwa. Umbala uyahlukahluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kowe-greenish-olive, amapuleti ngaphansi kwesigqoko nawo amhlophe. Umlenze ophakeme esisekelweni uyanwebeka futhi 'uboshwe' izinsalela zesikhwama sefilimu, esasifihle amakhowe amancane ngaphansi, futhi sinendandatho emhlophe ngaphezulu.
Ku-toadstool, lapho yephulwe, inyama emhlophe ayimnyama bese igcina umbala wayo.
Ngakho-ke i-agaric ehlukene kangaka
Ngisho nezingane ziyazi ngezindawo eziyingozi ze-agaric ezindizayo; kuwo wonke umlando, zichazwa njengesiqongo esibulalayo sokulungiselela i-potion enobuthi. Kuyavela ukuthi akuyona yonke into elula kangako: amakhowe anombala obomvu onamabala amhlophe, njengoba wonke umuntu ekubonile lokhu emifanekisweni esezincwadini, akuyona ikhophi elilodwa nakancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa impela ze-agaric ezindizayo, ezihluke ngokuphelele komunye nomunye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinye zazo zidla kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, amakhowe kaKesari, i-ovoid ne-reddening fly agaric. Kuyiqiniso, izinhlobo eziningi zemvelo zisengaphileki, futhi ezinye zisongela impilo futhi zenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ukuba uzifake ekudleni.
Igama elithi "fly agaric" liqukethe amagama amabili: "izimpukane" kanye "nesifo esiwumshayabhuqe", okuwukuthi, ukufa. Futhi ngaphandle kwencazelo, kuyacaca ukuthi ukhunta ubulala izimpukane, okungukuthi ujusi wayo, okhishwa esiqeshini ngemuva kokufafaza ushukela.
Izinhlobo ezinobuthi ezibulalayo ze-agaric ezindizayo ezibeka ingozi enkulu ebantwini zibandakanya (igama lesibili linikezwe kubakaki):
- Ubuthi (obomvu). Ikhula emahlathini ngaphansi kwezihlahla zemifino nokufiswa. Isigqoko esiyindilinga sivame kakhulu ukubomvu okukhanyayo, noma kunezinhlobo zama-orange. Indawo ebunjiwe yezinsimbi ezinkulu ibonakala phezu kwawo wonke umhlaba, kepha-ke, ihlala ibuthakathaka futhi iyagezwa uma sekuna imvula. Inyama emnyama yombala omhlophe, nephunga le-mushroom elicishe libonakale. Umlenze omhlophe mude, uqinile futhi unamandla, nezinsalela zesigqoko ngendlela yama-flakes (nawo amhlophe).
- I-Panther (ingwe). Ihlala phakathi kwezihlahla zikaphayini, ezigqokwa ngesigqoko esibonakalayo sombala onsundu ngokunwebeka okumhlophe. I-pulp imhlophe, inamanzi, iphunga isithombo esisha. Umlenze unombala okhilimu engxenyeni engezansi enemikhawulo kabili, izindonga ziwugqinsi, kepha ngaphakathi zinendawo engenalutho.
- Iphunga elimhlophe (elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-mushroom picker white grebe). Ikhula phakathi kwamagquma emahlathini acijile ama-coniffort, ibonakala ngombala othile omhlophe wawo wonke umzimba we-mushroom kanye nephunga elimnandi lebhulashi, elibizwa ngalo. Ingaphezulu lesigqoko livame ukucwazimula, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuvela amachashaza amakhulu amhlophe kuso. Umlenze omude ucishe njalo ugobile, ube nesisekelo se-tuberous.
- Okuphuzi okugqamile (ulamula). Ikhula ikakhulu enhlabathini enesihlabathi. Umnikazi wesigqoko ophuzi onesikhumba esibushelelezi, kwesinye isikhathi kuvela amachashazi amhlophe angabonakali kuso. Umlenze okhanyayo u-squat futhi uthambile, enendandatho ewugqinsi ngezansi.
Ikhowe elincane kodwa elibulalayo
I-mushroom enobuthi yathola igama lesakhiwo sayo esiyingqayizivele: imvamisa isigqoko sayo, ingaphezulu lesembozwe ngemicu eyisilika, nayo ihlotshiswe ngemifantu emide, nemiphetho idatshuliwe. Ezincwadi, isikhunta saziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-fiberglass futhi sinosayizi olula. Ukuphakama komlenze kungaphezulu kwe-1 cm, futhi ubukhulu besigqoko esine-tubercle ekhombisa ukungena endaweni maphakathi bufika ku-8 cm, kepha lokhu akumvimbeli ukuthi asale kokunye okuyingozi kakhulu.
Ukuqunjelwa kwe-muscarine ku-pulp yezicubu ze-fibrous kweqe i-agaric ebomvu, ngenkathi umphumela ubonakala ngemuva kwengxenye yehora, futhi kungakapheli usuku zonke izimpawu zobuthi ezinobuthi nalesi ubuthi zinyamalale.
Muhle, kepha "amakhowe wehashi"
Lokhu kunjalo impela lapho igama lihambisana nokuqukethwe. Akunakusho ukuthi i-mushroom yamanani ama-mushroom ama-mushroom aqanjiwe abizwa ngegama elinjalo - hhayi ukuthi linobuthi kuphela, futhi liyinyama ebabayo, futhi nephunga likhipha amanyala nje hhayi inkowe. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa ye “phunga” laso, akusekho amandla okuthola ukuzethemba kulowo othatha amakhowe ngaphansi kwesimo se-russula, lapho i-valuei ifana kakhulu.
Igama lesayensi likhunta likhala ngokuthi "goebeloma sticky."
I-valuy yamanga ikhula yonke indawo, kepha imvamisa ingabonakala ekugcineni kwehlobo emaphethelweni aqhakaza amahlathi we-coniferous and deciduous, ngaphansi kwe-oki, i-birch noma i-aspen. Ingquza yekhowe elisha inokhilimu omhlophe ocwebezelayo, onogwavu, onemiphetho eboshwe phansi. Njengoba iminyaka ikhula, isikhungo saso siguqa ngaphakathi futhi sibe mnyama ngombala onsundu, kuyilapho imiphetho ihlala ilula. Ikhasi kusigqoko lihle futhi libushelelezi, kepha linamathele. Ngaphansi kwesigqoko kunamapuleti anamathela ngokupendana omhlophe ezimhlophe izinto ezisencane, futhi ophuzi ophuzi ezinhlobonhlobo ezindala. Ipulpiti elimunca obukhulu nalo linombala ohambelanayo. Unyawo lwe-valuei yamanga luphakeme impela, cishe amasentimitha ayi-9. Ububanzi besisekelo, buchofoza ngokuqhubekayo, embozwe ngengubo emhlophe, efana nefulawa.
Isici esibonakalayo se- "horseradish mushroom" ukuba khona kwezigxobo ezimnyama emafulethini.
Ama-mushroom amabili anoshevu ehlobo: i-agaric yesibabule-ophuzi
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ama-agarics oju akhula kuma-stumps emihlanjini enobungane, noma kunjalo, phakathi kwawo kukhona "isihlobo" esinjalo ukuthi ngaphandle kwangempela akuhlukile kumakhowe amnandi, kepha kubangela ubuthi obukhulu. Le amakhowe aphuzi wesibabule. Amawele anobuthi yizinqwaba ahlala ezingxenyeni zezinhlobo zezihlahla cishe yonke indawo, emahlathini nasekuvundeni phakathi kwamasimu.
Amakhowe anezigqoko ezincane (ubukhulu obungama-7 cm ubukhulu) wombala ophuzi, onesikhungo esimnyama, esibomvu. Ipulpula ilula, imunyu futhi inuka kabi. Amapuleti ngaphansi kwesigqoko ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile emlenzeni; amnyama kumakhowa amadala. Umlenze wokukhanya mude, kuze kufike ku-10 cm, futhi, uqukethe imicu.
Ungahlukanisa phakathi "kokuhle" kanye "nobusi obubi besibeletho" ngezimpawu ezilandelayo:
- isikhunta esidliwayo sinezimpaphe esicucwini nasemlenzeni; i-mushroom yamanga ayinazo;
- amakhowe “amahle” agqoke isiketi esinomlenze; lowo “mubi” akenzi.
Amakhowe kaSathane afihlekile njenge-boletus
Isigaxa esikhulu somlenze nogqinsi lwamakhowe kaSathane senza kubukeke njengekhowe le-porcini, kepha-ke, ukudla umuntu omuhle kangaka kugcwele ubuthi obukhulu. Impukane kaSathane, njengoba le nhlobo ibizwa nangokuthi, inambitheka kahle: akunaphunga noma umunxa wesimo samakhowe anobuthi.
Abanye ososayensi baze bathi ubhontshisi ngamakhowe anempilo anombandela uma uphethwe ukwelashwa okuhlala isikhathi eside nokuqhubeka isikhathi eside. Kodwa ukusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi mangaki ubuthi obuqukethe amakhowe abilisiwe alolu hlobo, akekho othathwe, ngakho-ke kungcono ukungabeki impilo yakho engozini.
Ngaphandle, amakhowe kaSathane muhle impela: isigqoko esimhlophe esingcolile sinamanzi, futhi sinombala ophuzi ophuzi, ojika ubomvu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuma kwemilenze kufana ne-boletus yangempela edliwayo, isisindo esifanayo, ngesigaxa. Ngaphansi kwesigqoko, umlenze uyancipha bese uphenduka ophuzi, okuseleyo kubomvu ngoku-orange. I-pulp iminyene kakhulu, imhlophe, ibomvana kuphela ngaphansi komlenze. Amakhowe asemancane anuka kamnandi, kepha iphunga elinyanyekayo lemifino eyonakele livela ezinhlotsheni ezindala.
Ungahlukanisa i-boletus kaSathane kusuka kumakhowe adliwayo ngokusika inyama: lapho ihlangana nomoya, okokuqala ithola ilitha elibomvu, bese liphenduka lube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izingulube zingamakhowe anjengekhowe
Impikiswano mayelana nokwakhiwa kwezingulube yamiswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-90s, lapho zonke izinhlobo zalawa makhowe zaqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengezinobungozi empilweni nasemphilweni yabantu. Abanye abakha amakhowe kuze kube namuhla bayaqhubeka nokuwaqoqa ukuze bawasebenzise, noma kunjalo, lokhu akusizi ngalutho, ngoba ubuthi bezingulube bunqwabelana emzimbeni futhi nezimpawu zobuthi zingabonakali ngokushesha.
Amakhowe angaphandle anobuthi abukeka njengamakhowe: mancane, anemilenze yama-squat nesigqoko esinenyama esinombala onsomi ophuzi noma onsundu. Isikhungo sesigqoko silinganiswe ngokujulile ngaphakathi, imiphetho i-wavy. Umzimba wezithelo osesigabeni ungombala ophuzi, kepha ngokushesha ube mnyama emoyeni. Izingulube zikhula ngamaqembu emahlathini nasezitshalweni, ikakhulukazi njengezihlahla ezixotshwe ngumoya, zitholakala phakathi kwama-rhizomes awo.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-30 zezindlebe zezingulube, ezibizwa nangokuthi amakhowe. Onke aqukethe ama-lectins futhi angadala ubuthi, kepha ingulube emancanyana ibonwa njengeyingozi kakhulu. I-cap yokhilimu omncane onobuthi ibushelelezi, ingcolile-umnqumo futhi ekugcineni iba nokugqwala. Umlenze omfishane ubunjiwe njengesilinda. Lapho umzimba we-mushroom uphukile, kunuka iphunga elisobala lezinkuni ezibolile.
Akunangozi kangako izingulube ezinje:
- I-Alder. Isigqoko sinombala onsundu ngokunwebeka ngezikali ezincane, imiphetho imile kancane, i-funnel incane. Amafushane emlenzeni, phansi.
- Amafutha. Isigqoko esinsundu se-velvet sikhulu impela futhi sibukeka njengolimi. Umlenze uyi-fleecy encane, ecishe ihlanganiswe hhayi phakathi nendawo, kepha isondele emaphethelweni wesigqoko. Uginindela unamanzi, awunamakha.
- Emise okwendlebe. Umlenze omncane uhlangana nesigqoko esinzima ngesimo fan sika umbala omnyama ophuzi ne-tint nsundu. Ikhula ezinhlangeni zodizili nakwizitebela.
Isambulela sezinhlungu
Emgwaqweni nasema-curbs, amakhowe anciphile akhula ngobuningi emilenzeni emide emincane enamagqoko aphansi avulekile afana nesambulela. Babizwa ngama-umbrellas, ngoba isigqoko sivuleka ngempela njengoba amakhowe ekhula futhi eba banzi. Izinhlobo eziningi zezambulela zamakhowe zidliwe futhi zinambitheka kakhulu, kepha phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo ezinobuthi.
Amakhowe anobuthi ayingozi futhi ajwayelekile ayizambulela ezinjalo:
- Kuhlanganisiwe. Isigqoko esibomvu esimfushane somuntu oshowe esikhungweni sine-bulge ebuthakathaka, wonke umhlaba umbozwe ngezikali ezinjenge-spallse orange scallop-like scales, futhi kukhona umphetho omncane eceleni. Isiqu singenalutho, mncane, sinombala ophuzi, sinamaphiko isikhunta esincane, kodwa indandatho iphuka ngokushesha.
- I-Chestnut. Ihlukaniswa umbala omnyama, ocishe ube nsundu, umbala wesigqoko nenamba enkulu yezikali eziphinyisiwe, futhi zimnyama ngombala. Umlenze omude onenyama ebomvu unombala ofanayo.
Izikhundla ezinobuthi
Amakhowe amakhowe anezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, phakathi kwawo kukhona amakhowe adliwayo futhi amnandi, futhi ngokungananazi izinhlobo nezingenakutholakala, futhi kukhona namakhowe anobuthi ayingozi. Abanye babo bafana nezihlobo zabo "ezingenabungozi", ezidukisa kalula abakhi bamakhowe abangenalwazi. Ngaphambi kokuya ehlathini, kufanele uzibhekele wena njengomlingani womuntu owazi konke okuyinkimbinkimbi komsebenzi wamakhowe futhi owazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezikhundla "ezimbi" kanye "ezinhle".
Igama lesibili lemigqa izikhulumi.
Phakathi kwezikhulumi ezinobuthi, enye yezingozi eziyingozi, ekwazi ukudala umphumela obulalayo, yilezi zinhlu ezilandelayo:
- Mhlophe (nayo ihlanganisiwe). Ngokuya ubuthi, ngaphambili kwama-agarics anobuthi, ikakhulukazi, abomvu. Ikhula otshanini. Amakhowe amancanyana anesigqoko esimhlophe esicwebezelayo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi avumelanisa, futhi emigqeni emidala kuphumela kwicala eliphambene. Umlenze omhlophe, omfishane, omile kanye noshizi oyi-fibrous, ongabonakali mnyama ngemuva kokusikwa, upendiwe mhlophe.
- Tiger (aka ingwe). Ikhula enhlabathini ethokomele phakathi kwama-conifers nama-hardwoods. Isigqoko esimpunga sikhothame phansi, ngaphezu kwawo wonke umhlaba kukhona okugcwele, kumnyama, izikali. Amapuleti ngaphansi kwesigqoko nawo amhlophe futhi awugqinsi. Imilenze ilula kancane, icace, ngaphandle kwamafulethi, incishiswe ngezansi. Uginindela umunene, uphuzi kancane, unuka ufulawa.
- Ekhonjisiwe (ibuye ibe ngumchamo noma ivutha bhe). Ikhula emahlathini acwengile, ebonakala ngokuba khona kwesigqoko sesikhumba esiphakeme esicijile nesikhumba esimpunga esikhanyayo. Umlenze mude, mhlophe, "ezimpandeni" kuvela i-tint ephuzi (kaningi - ipinki). Umzimba wezithelo umhlophe, awunamizwa, kepha ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu. Akunasidingo sokuzama!
I-Bile mushroom: engenakusebenza noma enobuthi?
Iningi lososayensi libheka ukuthi isikhunta se-bile asinakutholakala, ngoba ngisho nezinambuzane zasehlathini azilokothi zinambitha inyama yaso ebabayo. Kodwa-ke, elinye iqembu labaphenyi liyaqiniseka ngobuthi bale fungus. Endabeni yokudla i-pulp eminyene, umphumela obulalayo awenzeki, kepha ubuthi obuqukethwe kuyo ngamanani amakhulu bubangela ukulimala okukhulu kwezitho zangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi isibindi.
Abantu ukunambitheka okungafani nalawo amakhowe kubizwa ngokuthi lwesinaphi.
Ubukhulu bukhowa onobuthi abubuncane: ububanzi besigqoko esi-brown-orange bufika ku-10 cm, kuthi umlenze obomvu ukhilimu uqweqwe kakhulu, ngephethini emnyama ngesimo se-mesh engxenyeni engenhla.
I-mushroom ye-bile ifana nomhlophe, kepha, ngokungafani neyokugcina, ihlala iphenduka ipinki ngesikhathi sekhefu.
Ixhaphozi labangenamandla labangenakungeneka
Ezindaweni eziwugwadule zehlathi, emahlathini ama-moss, ungathola amakhowe amancane esiqubeni esincanyana esincanyana - igalari yemashi. Umlenze ophuzi ophuzi onendandatho emhlophe phezulu kulula ukuwuwisa phansi ngisho ngegatsha elincanyana, ikakhulukazi ngoba amakhowe anobuthi futhi awanakudliwa. Isigqoko esimnyama ophuzi kugalari naso sintekenteke futhi sinamanzi, esemncane kubukeka njengensimbi, kepha bese iyaqonda ngqo, kushiye inhlamvu ebukhali kuphela enkabeni.
Lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwamakhowe anobuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kusenezinhlobo eziningi zamanga, ezihlangene kalula ngokudliwayo. Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi yiliphi ikhowe elingaphansi kwezinyawo zakho - sicela udlule. Kungcono ukwenza umbuthano ongeziwe ehlathini noma ubuyele ekhaya unesikhwama esingenalutho, kunokuba uhlushwa ubuthi obunzima ngemuva kwesikhathi. Qaphela, unakekele impilo yakho nempilo yabantu abasondele kuwe!
