Imvamisa, ama-viniga ezifo ezifanayo izifo ezibangelwa isikhunta ezahlukahlukene, ezibizwa nge- bola, ngaphandle kokuthola imininingwane. Kukhona okumpunga, okumhlophe, okumnyama, okumuncu, okubolile kwezimpande.
Ezihlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zamagilebhisi, ukuze ulwe nazo, ividiyo (esekupheleni kwendatshana) ikhombisa ukwelashwa okuvela kwisifutho sasemuva esikhwameni. Umbhali ucubungula ingxube yethangi yezidakamizwa eziningana, eziwusizo kwezomnotho futhi ezisindisa umsebenzi. Ngenkathi yonyaka, kwenziwa imishanguzo eminingi - kuya ngesimo sezulu, isimo sokutshala, ukuba khona kwezifo noma izinambuzane.
Grey bola on amagilebhisi
Ukhukhamba iBotrytis cinerea Pers, ngaphezu kwamagilebhisi, kuthinta nezinye izitshalo ezinamahlahla ezinama-herbaceous. Izicashela kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesitshalo - emagatsheni namaqabunga awile, amajikijolo, kuvame - isigaxa. Isebenza ngo entwasahlobo, ithinta zonke izingxenye zesitshalo. Ingena kalula kunoma yikuphi ukulimala kwemishini yokutshala izicubu kanye nezicubu ezingazinzile, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokudla okungenamsoco ne-nitrogen. Amathuba ukutheleleka ngqo kuncike ubukhulu ukushuba kwesikhumba somgcini, izici zokuhlukahluka. Ikhula kancane ngisho noma emazingeni okushisa amancane.
Ukubola okumpunga kumaqabunga ezithelo zomvini kuvela ngesimo sezindawo ezinsundu, embozwe ngentambo engwevu yama-conidiophores.
Ekushiseni, ingxenye ethintekayo iyafa. Ezingxenyeni ezinamathele zesitshalo, amabala amhlophe noma aphuzi okukhanyayo, amajikijolo aba nsundu. Lapho imithambeka yamaqoqo isithinteka, iba nsundu ngombala, ikhule ibole. Kuholela kumagilebhisi awayo. Kuwo wonke amabala, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubonwa okumpunga kuyabonakala, uthuli lapho kuthintwa: isikhunta sanda.
Ukubola okumpunga grey kuyingozi ngesikhathi sokusatshalaliswa kwezihlahla, ngoba uBotrytis uzinza kalula ezindaweni zezindawo zokungasebenzi futhi angavumeli ukuba kwakhiwe.
Ukwehlulwa kwezinhlobo ezimhlophe ngesikhathi esomile sokushisa ezigabeni zokugcina zokuvuthwa kwamajikijolo kungathuthukisa okuqukethwe ushukela kanye nekhwalithi yewaini ephumayo. Ukulimala okwengeziwe ezinhlotsheni ezibomvu ukubhujiswa kwe-pigment yi-fungus.
Grey bola on amagilebhisi, kanjani ukulwa? Kufanele wazi ukuthi izidakamizwa eziqukethe ithusi azisebenzi ngokwanele. Izidakamizwa ezivela eqenjini le-benzimidazole (benomyl, tserkobin, derozal) zilungile, kepha kukhona izingqinamba ezingamelana nazo. Ukucutshungulwa okukodwa ngeke kusebenze. Ukwelashwa ngesixazululo se-0,1% se-ronilan kanye ne-0.075% rovral kuyasiza. Ukwelapha kokuqala kunenzuzo ethe xaxa ukufeza nalezo zidakamizwa ezilwa ne -yprethe ezithinta uBotrytis ngasikhathi sinye. Kungcono ukuphatha ngemithi ehlukile, lokhu kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana kwezinambuzane futhi kunikeze umphumela omuhle kakhulu.
Indlela ethandwayo iyasiza - ukwelashwa ngesixazululo se-iodine. Ebhakede - amaconsi angama-30-50, kuze kuvele umthunzi ophuzi ophuzi nephunga le-iodine elibuthakathaka. Phatha kanye ishumi noma emva kwemvula.
Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo obufanele, ukuvikela ukuqina kwesihlahla, ukwenziwa okufika ngesikhathi kwemisebenzi eluhlaza, kanye nokondla okufanele kubaluleke kakhulu. Isimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo, lesi sifo sihlala sithinteka kakhulu.
Ukubola okumhlophe kwamagilebhisi
Ibizwe nguConiothyrium diplodiella Sacc. Izitshalo zithinteka esimweni sezulu esishisayo, imvamisa ekugcineni kokuvuthwa kwama berry. Amajikijolo ajika abe nsundu, omile ngaphandle, abukeke ebukeka ebilisiwe, umbala ungubomvu, ugxilile. Amaqabunga omile, abe luhlaza olungcolile, angawi. On the amahlumela grey-mhlophe izindawo ezinwebekile, zivame ukukhala amahlumela. Ama-tuby we-Pycnidium abonakala yonke indawo; ekugcineni, umbala wamajikijolo athintekile uba mhlophe qwa. Ama-pycnids wokuvuthwa aphakamisa isikhumba samajikijolo, umoya ungena phakathi kwawo ne-pulp. Ngakho-ke amajikijolo avela amhlophe, ikhasi lisuswa kalula ngesikhwama.
Ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo kubonwa ngemuva kwesichotho, kumajikijolo ashisiwe, ngamabhishi agqinsiwe. Isidingo sokucutshungulwa ngokwahlukana nokubola okumhlophe akuvamile. Ngaphandle kwalapho nje ngemuva kwesichotho, kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi noma abanye.
Ukwelashwa kweviniga ngokumelene ne-isikhutha noma i-oidium kuthinta i-ejenti ebangela ukubola okumhlophe kwamagilebhisi.
Ukubola okumnyama kwamagilebhisi, umlomo omnyama
I-ejenti ebabayo yeGuignardia bidwellii idinga umswakama wesitshalo ukutheleleka isikhashana, ngaphandle kwalokho isikhunta asihlaseli amaseli omgcini. Ukufakwa kwamatshe eduze namachibi kuvame ukuthinteka, ngemuva kokulimala kwemishini, ikakhulukazi kusihlwa - ukulahleka kwamazolo ebusuku kunomthelela ekuthelelekeni.
Kuvela ibala elinsundu kumajikijolo anechashaza elimhlophe phakathi nendawo. Ikhula, ithumba wonke amajikijolo. Kamuva, izithelo ziba mnyama futhi zomile. Esimweni sezulu esinethayo, kuqala ukubola okumanzi, kwisimo sezulu esomile - esigaxekile, esimunyisiwe, nesigaxa esimnyama onsomi noma amajikijolo amnyama. Isikhathi esithile baqhubeka kumaqoqo, bawele ekwindla. Bakhonza, njengamaqabunga afile, njengomthombo wokutheleleka ngokuzayo.
Emagqabini, lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngesimo samabala ekhilimu anomngcele omnyama oluhlaza. Izicubu ngaphakathi kwezindawo zomile, zifile. Izikhala ngesimo imicu emnyama amahlumela. Esikhathini esizayo, izilonda zakha, ukuqhekeka kwamagxolo. Kubukeka njengomhluzi, kepha lapho kufika ama-pictid amnyama akunakwenzeka ukuthi kudideke.
Ukungathandeki kwalesi sifo, njengabanye, ukuthi ukutheleleka kwe berry kuyinto engabambeki isikhathi eside. Bese kuthi lesi sifo sikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi sekephuze kakhulu ukwelapha ... Ngakho-ke, ukuvimbela kubalulekile, ukwelashwa kuqalwa kuze kubonakale izimpawu zesifo.
Ukuvimbelwa kwalesi sifo, ukususwa kwamaqabunga nezithelo, amahlumela nokususwa kwezivini ezishiywe kubalulekile.
Izimpande ukubola kwamagilebhisi
Leli yiqembu lezifo ezihlelwe yizimpawu zangaphandle. Ama-ejenti we-causative yi-fungi evela kuma-oda ahlukile: angaphelele, asisekelo, ama-marsupials. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukwehlulwa kwe-psatirel, i-openpenk, i-rosalin.
Izimpande ezilinyazwe yisimo sezulu ngesikhati zihlala zithinteka kalula yizilokazane - i-phylloxera, i-nematode, imikhaza, njll. Kuqala, isikhunta sikhula ezimpandeni ezifile, kepha futhi sithelela leyo enempilo.
Lesi sifo senzeka enhlabathini ebushelelezi, enothile enobuntu obuningi. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, ompofu, lesi sifo asikhuli. Ekuqaleni, isikhunta sikhula njengama-saprophytes ngokhuni olufile, bese sidlulela ezimpandeni zomvini ezikhulayo futhi siziphathe njengama-parasites.
Izindlela zokulawula
Amakhemikhali awasebenzi, ikakhulukazi ancishiswa ekuvinjelweni kwezifo kanye nokususwa kwezihlahla ezithintekile.
- Musa ukutshala izinhlobo zamagilebhisi ezimpande zomvini waseYurophu enhlabathini esindayo, enomoya omncane noma othelelekile ngamakhowe.
- Ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo wezimbiwa esikhundleni se-organic.
- Susa imfucumfucu yesitshalo endle.
- Susa futhi ususe izihlahla ezifile noma ezonakele.
- Namathela ezindleleni zokulima ezifanele. Dedela inhlabathi emhlabathini oyintantayo.
Ukubola kwamagilebhisi
Igama alihlotshaniswa nombala (njengamanye ama-rot amaningi), kepha nephunga: amajikijolo athintekile anephunga leviniga. Iphunga livela emsebenzini obalulekile wama-microorganisms acubungula amajikijolo kashukela abe uviniga. IDrosophila, izimpukane ezincane zezithelo zidla izindwani eduze, izibungu zazo - izibungu ezincane ezimhlophe - zingaphakathi kwamajikijolo. IDrosophila izalela masinyane kakhulu, okwake kwabajabulisa abezakhi zofuzo ngasikhathi sinye. Maye, lapha ziletha ukulimala okukhulu, ukushaya amagilebhisi futhi kubangele izifo eziningi. Izimpukane zilula ukungena kumajikijolo alimele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nazo zithwele imvubelo nesikhunta kusuka ku-berry kuya ku-berry.
Ngokuthuthuka kwalesi sifo, siyacubungula, nangayo ingxube ye-fungicide kanye nezinambuzane - kusuka ezimpukeni. Uma ungenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi amalungiselelo angaxutshwa (kukhona amatafula akhethekile, kepha awahambi njalo), lapho-ke silungisa izixazululo ngokwahlukana, sichitha ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa.
